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urban-ecology

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Urban ecology is the scientific study of living organisms and their interactions within densely developed environments dominated by buildings, paved surfaces, and human infrastructure. For plant science, this field is essential because it investigates how plants adapt and survive in fragmented urban habitats while understanding their role in critical ecosystem services like air quality, temperature regulation, and stormwater management. As urbanization continues globally, urban plant ecology research directly informs strategies to increase biodiversity, enhance ecosystem health, and improve quality of life in cities.

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PubMed → · research article

6PPD-Quinone Triggers Oxidative Stress, Metabolic Reprogramming, an...

Tire rubber crumbles off every car on every road, and the toxic chemical it releases is washing i...

iNaturalist → · observation

Mass Blooming Event of Agave americana in Mediterranean Spain

If you've ever grown a century plant or seen one in a park or garden, this event is a reminder th...

PubMed → · research article

Mangrove Restoration Cost-Effectiveness Exceeds Engineered Coastal ...

Trees and wetlands near coastlines — the same kinds of natural buffers that protect beaches, fish...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Mechanisms of PFAS uptake and bioaccumulation in plants.

Vegetables and fruits grown in PFAS-contaminated soil — including produce from farms near industr...

iNaturalist → · observation

Range Expansion of Rhododendron ponticum in Scottish Highlands

Same invasive rhododendron overtaking Scottish hillsides is widely sold in garden centers, and es...

PubMed → · research article

Sunflower Pollen and Bumble Bee Health: Mechanisms, Modifiers and T...

Planting sunflowers in your garden or community green space could directly support the health of ...

PubMed → · research article

Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewater Using Constructed Wetlands with...

It means the phosphorus that would otherwise pollute your local waterways could instead end up ba...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Beyond Microplastics: How Tire Wear Particles Influence Plant Performance.

Every road, parking lot, and driveway near your garden or local park is a source of tire particle...

pollinator-health
PubMed → · research article

Dietary titanium dioxide nanoparticles impair pollinator health: in...

The bumblebees visiting your garden vegetables and wildflowers are being quietly poisoned by an i...

crop-improvement
PubMed → · research article

Transparent Nanophotonic Films with Dynamic Thermoregulation for Bo...

It could make home greenhouses and commercial food production cheaper and greener — imagine a sim...

urban-ecology
PubMed → · research article

Global Drivers of Plant-Pollinator Interaction Specialization in Gardens.

Design and location of your garden — whether it's in a city or the suburbs, small or large, and e...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Synergistic effects of glutamic acid and cerium oxide nanoparticles...

Cadmium-contaminated soil can enter the food chain through vegetables grown in affected areas, an...

PubMed → · research article

Pineapple peel cellulose based eco-friendly fertilizer nanocomposit...

It means the fertilizers of the future could be made from fruit scraps rather than petrochemicals...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Fungal endophyte-enhanced phytoremediation of persistent organic po...

Contaminated soil from industrial sites, old farms, and roadside runoff affects the safety of gar...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Volatile monoterpenes improve PM

Houseplants or garden herbs you already grow may be quietly protecting your lungs by releasing fr...

climate-adaptation
PubMed → · research article

Fire and edge disturbances in the Amazon rainforest: impacts on ani...

Animals and insects that eat fruit and scatter seeds are the invisible workforce behind every for...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Floating filters of nature: exploring the potential of aquatic plan...

Microplastics from your garden runoff, local parks, and stormwater drains end up in rivers and ev...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Plant growth-defense trade-offs regulate phytoremediation efficienc...

It reveals that the wild plants growing in contaminated lots, roadsides, and brownfields near you...

urban-ecology
phenology
iNaturalist → · observation

Unusual Winter Fruiting of Asimina triloba in Southern Ohio

If warming winters start shifting when native fruit trees like pawpaws ripen, backyard gardeners ...

mycorrhizal-networks
PubMed → · research article

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Mediated Phytoremediation: Harnessing ...

Same fungi quietly working in your garden soil could be harnessed to detoxify polluted vacant lot...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Leverage of

Rivers used to grow food crops and supply drinking water are quietly accumulating drugs and cosme...

iNaturalist → · observation

Invasive Paulownia tomentosa Colonization Along I-81 Corridor

Princess tree spreads aggressively into natural areas and gardens near roadsides, crowding out na...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Playgrounds as microbial interfaces: strategies to enhance soil mic...

The soil in your neighborhood park is a living microbial community, and how much of it children c...

climate-adaptation
PubMed → · research article

The CO2 and humidity senses of insects in a changing world.

Bees, butterflies, and other insects that pollinate your garden rely on CO2 and humidity cues to ...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Recent advances in techniques for microplastic detection, microbial...

Microplastics are now found in garden soil, tap water, and the vegetables you eat — and understan...

iNaturalist → · observation

Early Bloom of Hamamelis vernalis Documented Across Missouri

If winter-blooming shrubs like witch-hazel are flowering weeks ahead of schedule, the insects tha...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Flow-configuration effects on pollutant removal and plant physiolog...

Clothes we wear are often dyed with toxic chemicals, and this research brings us closer to afford...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Lithium in the Anthropocene: innovative perspectives on environment...

Lithium leaching from battery manufacturing and mining sites can accumulate in garden soils and f...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Vertical distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes in soil adj...

Vegetables and herbs grown in soil near farms — or fertilized with animal manure — may be absorbi...

phenology
crop-improvement
PubMed → · research article

Advancing plant DNA barcoding: integrating chloroplast genome seque...

Better plant identification tools mean the herbal supplement or medicinal tea you buy is more lik...

soil-health
phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Efficiencies and rhizospheric regulatory mechanisms of phytoremedia...

Choosing the right plant to grow on or near a contaminated brownfield, old gas station site, or i...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Elucidating the phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophytes f...

Plants growing in your local pond or wetland may be quietly cleaning up industrial pollution that...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

In situ degradation of biodegradable bio-based plastics in urban so...

Those 'compostable' plant-based plastic bags and containers you toss in your garden compost bin m...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Phytoremediation of nanoparticle contaminated soil using the fast g...

Soil contaminated with industrial nanoparticles can leach into your vegetable garden or local wat...

pollinator-health
PubMed → · research article

Environment and Pollen Diversity Differentially Affect the Gut Micr...

The bees pollinating your vegetable garden and fruit trees carry gut bacteria shaped by the local...

anthropogenic-disturbance
PubMed → · research article

Anthropogenic Pressures, Rather Than Plant Vigour, Promote Insect H...

Every time a wild medicinal herb is overharvested near a village or trail, the stressed, exposed ...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Fungal bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in terrestrial envi...

Fungi already living in your garden soil — including the mycorrhizal networks wrapped around plan...

water-use-efficiency
PubMed → · research article

Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Variation in Semi-Arid Woody Pla...

Native shrubs you plant to save water in a dry climate may quietly lose their drought-tolerance w...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Rhamnolipid-like glycolipid biosurfactant mediated degradation of p...

Toxic pollution from roads, old industrial sites, and urban runoff quietly accumulates in the soi...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Genetic engineering to improve resistance against heavy metal stress in

Heavy metals from urban runoff and industrial pollution silently accumulate in the soil and water...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Binding interactions of Trametes villosa and Trametes lactinea lacc...

4-nonylphenol washes off your clothes, dishes, and garden pesticides into waterways, where it qui...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Exploring Periphytic Biofilms as Nature's Cleanup Crew for Contamin...

Rivers and streams that feed your garden hose, your local park's pond, and your drinking water su...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Morpho-anatomical, physiological and biochemical responses of

Heavy metals from pollution, fertilizers, and industrial runoff can accumulate in garden soil and...

PubMed → · research article

Layers to leaves: A suite of modular 3D printed hydroponics compone...

Growing your own leafy greens at home or in a classroom just got cheaper and more flexible — thes...

grassland-ecology
iNaturalist → · observation

Trending: mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) — 2390 observations this week

Mayapple carpets the forest floor of nearly every eastern North American woodland in spring, and ...

phenology
soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Biosurfactant-driven desorption and remediation of heavy oil contam...

Oil-contaminated soil is dead soil — nothing grows in it — and this research points toward a natu...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Bio-degradational potential of genus Ochrobactrum.

Same persistent chemical pollutants — from pesticides to industrial waste — that end up in contam...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Enzymes involved in the manipulation of polyethylene degradation: o...

Microplastics are now found in garden soil, compost, and the food you grow — and the promise of m...

phenology
iNaturalist → · observation

sugarstick (Allotropa virgata) observed in San Juan County, WA, USA

Sugarstick is a rare, fascinating plant that depends entirely on healthy old-growth forest fungal...

iNaturalist → · observation

stinknet (Oncosiphon pilulifer) observed in Red Rock Canyon State P...

Stinknet is aggressively invading California's desert parks and wild spaces — the same places you...

phenology
soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Spatiotemporal variation in the microbiome of

Invisible microbes living in and around plants directly affect how healthy and resilient your gar...

iNaturalist → · observation

lesser celandine (Ficaria verna) observed in Mill Neck, NY, USA

Lesser celandine spreads aggressively in early spring before native wildflowers emerge, and once ...

iNaturalist → · observation

Curlyheads (Clematis ochroleuca) observed in Warrenton

Confirmed sightings of rare native plants like Curlyheads help conservationists and local gardene...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Integrating microalgae with sludge-based processes for antibiotic r...

Antibiotics that survive wastewater treatment end up in rivers and soils — the same water used to...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Removal of potentially toxic elements by

Plants that can pull toxic metals out of soil could help clean up contaminated gardens, former in...

phytoremediation
iNaturalist → · observation

Fairy-slipper (Calypso bulbosa) observed in Port Angeles

Fairy-slipper orchids are sensitive to soil disturbance and disappear quickly when forests are lo...

iNaturalist → · observation

garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) observed in Charlton, NY, USA

Garlic mustard growing near your garden or local woods releases chemicals into the soil that kill...

citizen-science
iNaturalist → · observation

bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) observed in Aurora, OH, US

Tracking where native wildflowers like bloodroot still grow helps gardeners, conservationists, an...

citizen-science
iNaturalist → · observation

partridgeberry (Mitchella repens) observed in Massachusetts, US

Citizen science observations like this help track where native woodland plants like partridgeberr...

urban-ecology
iNaturalist → · observation

roughleaf dogwood (Cornus drummondii) observed in Austin

Roughleaf dogwood is a tough, drought-tolerant native shrub that supports local wildlife with its...

iNaturalist → · observation

mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) observed in R25M+R3 Riverside Park,...

Finding a native woodland plant like mayapple thriving in a busy city park shows that urban green...

iNaturalist → · observation

bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) observed in Greenville, OH, US

Every confirmed sighting of a native wildflower like bloodroot helps scientists and gardeners tra...

iNaturalist → · observation

mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) observed in St Clair Ave, Grosse Po...

Mayapple carpets woodland floors and produces a fruit edible when fully ripe — spotting it thrivi...

citizen-science
iNaturalist → · observation

partridgeberry (Mitchella repens) observed in Massachusetts, US

Partridgeberry is a charming native groundcover that thrives in shady woodland gardens, stays gre...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Testing the biodegradability of difficult compounds: a future chall...

Same flawed tests that fail to accurately measure chemical breakdown are used to approve pesticid...

iNaturalist → · observation

Pinxter Flower (Rhododendron periclymenoides) observed in Millersvi...

Pinxter Flower is a native wild azalea that supports early pollinators like queen bumblebees just...

urban-ecology
iNaturalist → · observation

Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) observed in Oregon, US

Herb Robert is quietly spreading through Pacific Northwest gardens and forest edges, and once est...

iNaturalist → · observation

European holly (Ilex aquifolium) observed in Portland, OR, US

European holly has escaped garden cultivation and is spreading into wild areas around Portland, w...

iNaturalist → · observation

mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) observed in Oxford Pl, Charlottesvi...

Mayapple patches like this one can quietly spread through your shaded garden beds each spring, of...

iNaturalist → · observation

flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) observed in Alexandria

Research-grade iNaturalist observations like this one collectively help scientists track whether ...

iNaturalist → · observation

mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) observed in Chipping Ct, Virginia B...

Mayapple is a native woodland wildflower that can signal the health of local ecosystems — spottin...

urban-ecology
urban-ecology
PubMed → · research article

Interactions of insects with micro- and nanoplastics: A review.

Insects disappearing from your garden or local park may be quietly choking on plastic pollution —...

urban-ecology
iNaturalist → · observation

Holm oak (Quercus ilex) observed in Villanova Dr, Davis, CA, US

Holm oaks are drought-tolerant Mediterranean trees increasingly planted in California cities, and...

iNaturalist → · observation

Pacific trillium (Trillium ovatum) observed in Washington, US

Community observations like this one help scientists track where native wildflowers are thriving ...

urban-ecology
citizen-science
phenology
iNaturalist → · observation

White Globe Lily (Calochortus albus) observed in Tuolumne County, US-CA, US

White Globe Lily is a native California wildflower that supports local pollinators and represents...

iNaturalist → · observation

sweetbay magnolia (Magnolia virginiana) observed in Knoxville

Sweetbay magnolia is a beautiful native tree you can actually grow in your own yard — it tolerate...

urban-ecology
phenology
iNaturalist → · observation

mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) observed in East Lansing, MI, US

Mayapple patches in Midwest woodlands and shaded gardens signal a healthy, intact forest understo...

urban-ecology
iNaturalist → · observation

Mealy Blue Sage (Salvia farinacea) observed in Austin

Mealy Blue Sage is a drought-tolerant native perennial that pollinators love, making it a smart, ...

iNaturalist → · observation

willow oak (Quercus phellos) observed in Peace St at Smallwood Dr, ...

Willow oaks lining Raleigh streets provide dense summer shade and drop small acorns that feed bir...

iNaturalist → · observation

slender vetch (Vicia ludoviciana) observed in Austin

Slender vetch is a native wildflower that fixes nitrogen in the soil, meaning its presence in urb...

iNaturalist → · observation

flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) observed in Maryland, US

Flowering dogwood is a beloved backyard tree whose spring bloom times are shifting with warming t...

iNaturalist → · observation

white clover (Trifolium repens) observed in Knoxville, TN, US

White clover in your lawn or local park is a living fertilizer — its roots host bacteria that pul...

urban-ecology
citizen-science
iNaturalist → · observation

vanilla leaf (Achlys triphylla) observed in Selma, OR, US

Vanilla leaf carpets shaded forest floors in the Pacific Northwest and its presence signals a hea...

iNaturalist → · observation

eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis) observed in Knoxville

Eastern redbuds are one of the first trees to bloom each spring, and tracking where and when they...

iNaturalist → · observation

Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) observed in Jasper, TN 37347, USA

Red Clover growing near Jasper, TN feeds local pollinators like bumblebees and fixes nitrogen in ...

iNaturalist → · observation

white clover (Trifolium repens) observed in Avondale Estates, GA, USA

White clover fixes nitrogen from the air directly into your lawn or garden soil, acting as a free...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Uncovering the Design Rules for Sustainable Growth of Mineralized M...

Fungi-based materials could replace plastics and foams in packaging, insulation, and construction...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Low atmospheric pressure of plateau environments shapes microbial c...

Poorly treated wastewater from mountain cities can flow downstream into rivers and lakes, causing...

iNaturalist → · observation

red deadnettle (Lamium purpureum) observed in Lewisburg

Red deadnettle is one of the earliest spring bloomers to appear in gardens and lawns, meaning its...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Bioremediation of anthraquinone dye reactive blue 19 by halo-acido-...

Textile dye pollution can reach the water used to irrigate farms and gardens, and a cheap bacteri...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Biofilm-mediated surface depolymerization of multiple synthetic pol...

Microplastics are now found in garden soil, compost, and even in the vegetables we eat, and disco...

invasive-species
iNaturalist → · observation

Coulter's matilija poppy (Romneya coulteri) observed in 8th Street ...

Tracking where native California wildflowers like matilija poppy are growing helps gardeners, con...

iNaturalist → · observation

fringe cups (Tellima grandiflora) observed in SW Country Club Pl, C...

Verified citizen science sightings of native plants like fringe cups help conservationists and ga...

citizen-science
iNaturalist → · observation

Closterium acerosum (Closterium acerosum) observed in Southern Spri...

The tiny algae living in ponds and streams near your neighborhood are early-warning indicators of...

iNaturalist → · observation

carpet bugle (Ajuga reptans) observed in New Burlington, OH, USA

Carpet bugle can quietly take over garden beds and spread into nearby lawns or natural areas, so ...

iNaturalist → · observation

Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) observed in Hilham

Tracking where Virginia creeper grows helps gardeners and land managers understand its spread — i...

iNaturalist → · observation

Lawn daisy (Bellis perennis) observed in Stonehenge Rd, Weston, CT, US

Lawn daisies popping up in Connecticut lawns signal how deeply this European wildflower has woven...

iNaturalist → · observation

Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) observed in Hattiesburg, MS, USA

Tracking where snapdragons naturalize or persist outside gardens helps gardeners in the South und...

iNaturalist → · observation

coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) observed in Oʻahu, Kailua, HI, US

Coconut palms lining Hawaiian beaches aren't native — tracking where they grow and thrive helps g...

iNaturalist → · observation

box elder (Acer negundo) observed in Bentonville, AR, USA

Citizen science observations like this help track where box elder is spreading or persisting in u...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Comparative fecal microbiome analysis of the endangered Volcano rab...

Understanding how an endangered animal's gut microbiome stays stable across different wild habita...

phytoremediation
PubMed → · research article

Effects of ibuprofen and its transformation products on algal-bacte...

Ibuprofen flushed down drains ends up in rivers and irrigation water, meaning the painkillers in ...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Revealing the anaerobic biodegradation pathway and mechanism of sul...

Antibiotic residues from farms and wastewater contaminate garden soil and the food you grow in it...

soil-health
PubMed → · research article

Enhanced anaerobic degradation and modeling of raw and treated muni...

Better landfill design means less toxic leachate seeping into the soil where your vegetables grow...

urban-ecology
PubMed → · research article

Environmental antibiotics in wastewater disrupt zebrafish embryonic...

Same wastewater that irrigates community gardens, parks, and agricultural fields carries antibiot...

urban-ecology
PubMed → · research article

Unveiling infrastructure-induced vertical environmental inequity ne...

Your rooftop tomatoes or balcony herbs may be catching far more exhaust particulates than the str...

water-contamination
PubMed → · research article

A data mining-based screening and prioritization of PFAS in wastewa...

Vegetables and fruits irrigated with river water downstream of these treatment plants can absorb ...

urban-ecology
PubMed → · research article

Exploring human-induced flood risks and sustainable urban resilienc...

Concrete green infrastructure like urban gardens, street trees, and permeable surfaces are among ...

urban-ecology
PubMed → · research article

Spatiotemporal distribution, driving factors, and ecological risks ...

Sewage sludge is widely applied to agricultural fields as fertilizer, meaning the antibiotic resi...

invasive-species
PubMed → · research article

Bilgewater management in marine vessels: a systematic literature re...

Oil and chemical-laden water dumped from ships pollutes the same oceans that cycle nutrients into...

water-quality
PubMed → · research article

Viral Contaminants in a Philippine Wastewater Treatment Plant: Quan...

Treated wastewater increasingly flows into rivers and irrigation canals that feed vegetable farms...

urban-ecology
PubMed → · research article

Dengue virus harnesses mosquito Syntenin to load and secrete viral ...

Understanding how dengue spreads through mosquito saliva could eventually lead to strategies that...

urban-ecology
PubMed → · research article

Vibrissal sensing in mammals in a changing world.

Mammals that visit your garden — from hedgehogs to mice to shrews — rely on whisker sensing to na...

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Rice Wheat Maize Soybean Mayapple Bloodroot Potato Lettuce Garlic Mustard Common blue violet Yellow Trout Lily western skunk cabbage Sunflower Giant white fawn lily Common reed lesser celandine Virginia Springbeauty Salmonberry Pea Eastern Poison Ivy Virginia creeper eco Partridgeberry Cattail eco Colt's-foot eco Jack-in-the-Pulpit White Clover Spinach Soy eastern white pine Mung Bean Osoberry Flowering Dogwood Dandelion Mangrove Perennial Ryegrass Broadleaf Cattail Moso bamboo Willow Madagascar periwinkle Carpet Bugle Siberian squill Red Deadnettle eastern redcedar American pokeweed Virginia bluebells Pacific trillium eco Sea Grape Red-flowering Currant Coconut Palm European beech Indian Mustard Fairy-slipper Bigelow's Spikemoss Maidenhair Spleenwort eco Marigold cut-leaved toothwort Blue Dicks Sweet alyssum Pineapple Corkscrew Willow Japanese Honeysuckle eco White Globe Lily eco Silver Fir Pak choi Great Mullein eco Pawpaw Field madder Coulter's matilija poppy Muscadine Chinaberry eco Field Peppergrass Scent leaf Dakota mock vervain Virginia sweetspire Box Elder Witch Hazel Common Groundsel eco Large-leaved Boxwood eco Linden Freeman Maple Rhododendron eco Chaetoceros calcitrans Lawn daisy Yaupon Holly Camphor Tree eco Water leaf Norway spruce Henbit deadnettle sugarstick European holly Twoleaf Miterwort Wild radish Common Hawthorn Watermeal Opuntia basilaris Shepherd's-needle Field Horsetail Celandine Poppy Herb Robert Scale Bud eco crispleaf roughmoss Perez's sea lavender Vitis rotundifolia Century Plant eco Mealy Blue Sage eco Ghost Pipe Eastern Skunk Cabbage Greater celandine eco Vanilla leaf Nuttall's Thistle Common Milkweed eco Helleborine Orchid eco American bulrush Willow Oak Sweetbay Magnolia fringe cups eco Wild Strawberry Walkingstick cactus Fragrant olive Northern Spicebush Black Walnut Pacific Bleeding Heart juniper haircap moss Hosta eco Golden Privet lesser periwinkle Ligustrum robustum Rose Clover eco Shorthairy antenoron Stiff Dogwood Nevin's Brickellbush River Cane Pacific poison oak Black locust Crane-fly orchid eco Holm oak eco felt paintbrush Princess Tree Red Osier Dogwood coast live oak Golden Rain Tree Golden Alexanders Jute mallow Woodland Stonecrop Carolina Vetch eco Purple Phacelia American tuliptree Ballmoss Branched Pencil Cholla Common Pawpaw Rubber Rabbitbrush Gibbous duckweed Fava Bean Phragmites australis Indian Mango Ligustrum lucidum Roughleaf Dogwood Eastern Redbud Mock Strawberry Sweet osmanthus stinknet Anisocoma acaulis Beavertail Pricklypear Virginia pepperweed Florida Hedgenettle Green False Hellebore Minute duckweed licorice fern Neptune Grass Black Cherry Camphor Bamboo phytoplankton Gotu Kola Common Ivy orange bush monkeyflower eco Azure Bluet bigleaf maple Redstem Stork's-bill Pinxter Flower Snapdragon London Plane Canadian wild ginger Plantain Lily Red Clover Red Maple catchweed bedstraw eco Oakleaf fleabane Christmas fern Carolina snailseed Coral Honeysuckle Brittlebush cleavers Purple Pitcher Plant Chinkapin Oak Milk Thistle Curlyheads Slender Vetch western sword fern Netted Pawpaw Arrowleaf Balsamroot