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pollution

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Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful contaminants—including heavy metals, air pollutants, pesticides, and excess nutrients—into environments where plants grow and develop. These contaminants can disrupt plant physiology by interfering with photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and cellular processes, ultimately affecting growth, reproduction, and survival. Understanding how plants respond to and tolerate pollution is critical for developing phytoremediation strategies and breeding stress-resistant crops for increasingly contaminated agricultural and natural landscapes.

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