Watering cilantro with treated or untreated wastewater changes which antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes show up in the soil, roots, and even leaves, and the type of soil matters just as much as how clean the water is.
1
Spiking wastewater with antibiotics and disinfectants increased antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in the soil's preferential flow paths.
2
Leptosol soil showed higher levels of resistance genes in the cilantro root zone (rhizosphere) than Vertisol soil under the same conditions.
3
A specific antibiotic-resistant Citrobacter freundii strain was isolated only from soil and roots irrigated with treated wastewater, whether or not it was spiked.
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