hormonal-pathways
Hormonal pathways in plants are the signaling networks through which chemical messengers—such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene—regulate growth, development, and stress responses. These pathways coordinate fundamental processes including seed germination, root and shoot architecture, flowering, fruit development, and adaptation to environmental challenges. Understanding how hormones interact and are perceived at the molecular level is central to improving crop resilience, yield, and the ability to engineer plants for specific agricultural or environmental needs.
open_in_new WikipediaPubMed · 2026-05-01
This review explains how excess body fat and poor diet drive endometrial cancer by disrupting hormone levels, insulin signaling, and inflammation — a convergence of metabolic failures that reprograms cells toward uncontrolled growth.
Aromatase enzymes in enlarged fat cells convert androgens into estradiol, directly fueling estrogen-receptor-driven cell proliferation in the uterine lining.
Hyperinsulinemia and IGF-1 signaling independently activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/MAPK pathways, accelerating cell division while suppressing tumor-suppressive checkpoints.
Obesity shifts adipokine balance — raising pro-inflammatory leptin/JAK2-STAT3 signaling and lowering protective adiponectin/AMPK signaling — promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and chronic inflammation.