A 25-year field experiment found that returning crop straw to soil after harvest can reverse the buildup of antibiotic-resistant genes in maize roots zones, while relying on chemical fertilizers alone allows that resistance to accumulate over time.
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Over 25 years, long-term chemical fertilization progressively increased antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factor genes in the maize rhizosphere.
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Combining chemical fertilizer with straw incorporation reversed the accumulation of ARGs, counteracting the trend seen with fertilizer alone.
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Metagenomic analysis revealed that shifts in microbial community composition — not just chemistry — were a key mechanism driving the change in resistance gene abundance.
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