Integrative physiological and metabolomic study of Hirschfeldia incana under short- and medium-term lead (Pb) stress.
Hoary mustard (Hirschfeldia incana) deploys a two-stage chemical defense against lead contamination: within days it floods cells with antioxidants and protective sugars, then over weeks it reinforces root cell walls with lignin-building compounds to limit further lead uptake. The findings reveal why this roadside weed thrives on contaminated ground and how it might be harnessed to clean polluted soil.