Scientists studying Mediterranean wildflower communities found that a plant's physical traits reliably predict whether it will help or compete with its neighbors — and that crowding flips helpful plants into competitors.
1
Plants with conservative resource-use traits (slow growth, efficient nutrient use) are consistently stronger facilitators of neighboring plants at low densities than fast-growing, acquisitive species.
2
Facilitation predictably switches to competition as neighbor density increases, suggesting crowding suppresses the trait-driven cooperative dynamics.
3
A plant's own traits predict how much facilitation it receives better than its neighbors' traits or the trait differences between the pair — meaning identity matters more than contrast.
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