Mixing dried sewage sludge, food waste biochar, or sludge compost into green roof soil boosted stonecrop coverage over three years, with sludge reaching 89% cover. Several heavy metals topped regulatory limits, so leaching and long-term buildup need more study.
1
Dried sewage sludge substrate gave the highest average plant coverage (89%) and raised available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium by 87% versus the control.
2
Dried sludge, food waste biochar, and sludge compost all produced significantly higher Sedum coverage than the control over three years.
3
Wood biochar held more soil moisture (mean 21.28%) and stayed stable through the year but didn't improve plant growth; Cd, Cr, Zn, and Hg exceeded regulatory thresholds in some substrates.
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