Scientists reviewed how tiny particles from plants like ginger and grapefruit carry proteins, fats, and genetic material that can influence gut health and even communicate with the brain, liver, and kidneys, offering a natural platform for future medicines.
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Three distinct biogenesis pathways for plant nanovesicles are identified: multivesicular body, plasma membrane budding, and the plant-specific EXPO pathway, each producing vesicles with unique lipid signatures.
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Plant nanovesicles carry four cargo classes (lipids, proteins, RNAs, secondary metabolites) that can act through gut-brain, gut-liver, and gut-kidney axes to influence distant organs.
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Four core translational barriers are identified for clinical adoption: unclear molecular mechanisms, lack of standardized preparation methods, material engineering limitations, and incomplete regulatory frameworks.
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