Norway spruce trees grown from seeds started in warm versus cool conditions carry a lasting molecular memory of that early temperature, encoded in chemical marks on their DNA that persist over 14 years and still affect when the trees bud each spring.
1
Targeted bisulfite sequencing across 2,744 genes revealed stable CG-context methylation differences that clearly separated warm-embryo (WE) from cool-embryo (CE) epitype trees at 14 years old
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30 genes showed stable CG and CHG methylation marks in their promoter regions, including two ARGONAUTE genes and four others that held consistent marks across all seasonal time points
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Methylation patterns were highly dynamic across the annual cycle in all cytosine contexts, suggesting circannual clocks influence methylation, while CHH-context marks showed no stability, unlike the more heritable CG and CHG marks
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