Growing blackberries with fish-farm wastewater (from tilapia ponds) worked nearly as well as standard fertilizer when nutrients were topped up, while plain fish wastewater triggered the plants' natural stress-defense chemistry instead of just feeding them.
1
Blackberries irrigated with mineral-supplemented tilapia effluent matched conventional nutrient solution in growth and canopy greenness over the 216-hour trial.
2
Unsupplemented tilapia effluent and well water triggered stronger antioxidant responses, notably higher superoxide dismutase and catalase activity plus shifting phenolic and flavonoid levels.
3
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity rose more weakly and later, suggesting a distinct, delayed secondary-metabolism response to nutrient-limited effluent.
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