Matching Circadian Rhythms to Light-Dark Cycles Increases Lettuce Yield by 29% in Vertical Farms Without Additional Energy Input.
Anton-Sales C, Benckhuysen L, Peker B, Jeuken M, Bonnema G.
Crop Improvement
Vertical farms growing your salad greens could produce nearly a third more lettuce per harvest simply by letting the plants sleep on their own schedule — no new equipment, no extra energy.
Plants have internal body clocks, just like humans. Most lettuce varieties naturally run on a 27-hour clock because farmers historically bred them to delay flowering, but grow rooms force them onto a 24-hour schedule. Researchers found that simply stretching the light-off period to match the plant's natural rhythm — giving lettuce an extra three hours of darkness per day — grew significantly more leaves without using any additional electricity.
Key Findings
Lettuce varieties with ~27-hour circadian clocks grew 11–29% more biomass under 27-hour light-dark cycles compared to standard 24-hour cycles, with no increase in daily light energy.
The yield gain came from extended dark periods (11 hours vs. 8 hours), not extra light — demonstrating a lighting-efficient cultivation strategy.
High-light treatments produced the most biomass overall but triggered quality defects including tipburn and morphological abnormalities, while circadian-resonant conditions maintained commercial quality standards.
chevron_right Technical Summary
Lettuce bred during domestication developed 27-hour internal clocks, but commercial growers use standard 24-hour light cycles — a mismatch that costs yield. Switching vertical farms to 27-hour light-dark cycles boosted biomass by up to 29% with no extra electricity.
Abstract Preview
Most cultivated lettuce varieties have 27-hour circadian clocks resulting from domestication-driven selection for delayed bolting yet are grown under standard 24-hour light-dark cycles. This create...
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Lettuce is an annual plant of the family Asteraceae mostly grown as a leaf vegetable. The leaves are most often used raw in green salads, although lettuce is also seen in other kinds of food, such as sandwiches, wraps and soups; it can also be grilled. Its stem and seeds are sometimes used; celtu...